Using the Terminal, you can use the kill command along with a process's PID to kill that process. For instance, Force Quitting the loginwindow process will end all user processes and dump the user back out to the Login Window. It should be used with caution, as Force Quitting a parent process will Force Quit all of its children processes too. Sometimes this will require an admin password. Activity Monitor will allow you to quit/force quit individual processes. A stuck application will often say Force Quit in place of Quit, though you can hold down the option key if it does not. 
Usually you can simply quit an application from this menu.
Control-click/right-click on an application's icon in the Dock. Use the keystroke apple-option-esc to bring up the same Force Quit window. If necessary, you can Force Quit multiple applications from this window. Occasionally you will have to dismiss this window and repeat the process to really get the app to quit, but this should be rare. You can then select the misbehaving application and click the Force Quit button. This will bring up the Force Quit Applications window stuck applications may appear in this list in red. Sometimes you will have to click to another application to get the Apple menu to respond. Open Safari and test that Safari functions as normal.There are several ways to force quit an application. If you receive a message that there are problems, please contact the IT Support Desk at 6-2999 or email help with the information contained in the utility window. If you see a message that the drive appears to be okay, click Done and restart your computer. When First Aid completes, it will indicate the status of the hard drive. Of the simplest reasons, Safari fails to load. It will take a few minutes to complete. In Google Chrome the spinning circle will run forever, each browser has its own version. If prompted, click Run to run the utility. It's located on the left side of the window, under the "Internal" heading. When the Disk Utility menu opens, click the computer's hard drive. Once in recovery mode, click Disk Utility then click Continue. Note that you only need to hold down both keys until you see the Apple logo displayed. Restart while holding the Command and R keys to start in Recovery Mode. Several functions in the Safari menu are also grayed out - i.e. When Safari opens, it won't respond to mouse clicks.
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